Mosul Journal of Nursing

Oral health care is a crucial aspect of oncology nursing practice; therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate oncology nurses’ knowledge and practice with oral mucositis (OM) of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. One hundred nurses were participated from Hiwa and Shahid Shaswari Garmian hospitals, in addition to a demographic, a questionnaire was designed and constructed by the researcher to assess the nurse’s knowledge and practice through the mucositis undergoing chemotherapy. The mean age of participants was 32.15±7.63 years, 53% of nurses were males 67% of them held a Diploma degree in nursing, while 55% had (1-5) years of experience in oncology field. in addition to (78%) of participants lived in Sulaimaniah city.  Finally, 84% of the participants received education program regarding oral mucositis. The Oncology nurses had good levels of knowledge in topics related to anatomy of oral cavity (64%), Pathology of oral cavity with oral mucositis patients (73.59%) and a significant differences were found between Nurses practice on mucositis of oral cavity and  age , level of academic qualification , years of experience in oncology field  and nurses were received education program regarding oral mucositis(p<0.05).Good levels of Nurses' knowledge directly affected on good level of their Practice.

The initial COVID-19 clinical manifestations are similar to all viral pneumonia species, with varying severity degree. World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that 80% of patients with COVID-19 demonstrated gentle or no clinical intercession and 20% of the influenced cases experienced serious sicknesses, for example, shortness of breathing and various organ disappointments. It has been accounted for that 2% of severe cases can be deadly. furthermore, it is analyzed and founded through a research facility test that contamination can prompt intense respiratory issues especially among older patients and individuals with fundamental ceaseless ailments. Notwithstanding, some tainted individuals are transporters of the infection without side effects while others may experience the ill effects of a mellow disease and recuperate effectively.  To assess of students' knowledge toward Sign and Symptoms of Patients with Covid-19 in Nursing College at University of Mosul.  To achieve the aim of these study, Across - sectional design was used with the application of structured questionnaire and this study is conducted in Nursing College at University of Mosul. Simple random sampling technique was conducted using a survey instrument to obtain responses from students includes 218 students from all stages of collage. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 24. Result of the study indicates that (42.7%) from students at age (20-24) Also, the results show (41.7%) of students were from fourth stage of collage. With regard to the gender (65.1%) of them were females. Also, the result shows statistically significant differences in the students’ knowledge toward the signs and symptoms of COVID-19. It was evident from the study that majority of the students have inadequate knowledge regarding signs and symptoms of COVID_19 also shows that there were no significant differences between students' knowledge and stage of education.

Background: Educators should exhibit emotional intelligence in order to develop the necessary teaching skills. Individuals' emotional intelligence stages have been shown to be more significant than conventional cognitive abilities in dealing with a variety of issues (Supardi, S. 2014).
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the teachers' knowledge of emotional intelligence according to demographic characteristics.
Methods: A descriptive design was carried out from 27th February 2021 through 29th July 2021 to assess the teachers' knowledge towards emotional intelligence in Mosul city. A probability sampling (simple random technique) was used, consisted of 60 teachers, that consist (30) male, (30) female, were from primary schools of Nineveh Education Directorate. The researcher prepared a scale consisting of 40 multiple-choice questions to test teachers' knowledge of emotional intelligence. The questions include general information about emotional intelligence, self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and social management. To achieve the objectives of the study.
Results: the findings of this study indicates that the level of teachers' knowledge towards emotional intelligence and their demographic characteristics was low.

Recommendations: This study recommends a considerable shortage in the level of special education teachers' knowledge of emotional intelligence, which is one of the main requirements for special education teachers, especially as they deal with children with developmental disorders. Therefore, the authorities responsible for teachers must intensify the qualification and development courses to increase teachers' knowledge of emotional intelligence.

Background and Aims: Nursing diagnosis is consider a guide, direct the nursing care, and the foundation for goal setting and the basis for nursing interventions. The aim of the present study is to assess the nurses’ knowledge toward nursing diagnosis.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive study (cross-sectional design) had been done on nurses’ knowledge toward nursing diagnosis which was carried out during the period from the 1^st of December, 2019 to 15^th of June, 2020, A random sample comprised of (49) nurses who worked in Al – Salam, Al- Jamhurry, and Ibn- Sina Teaching Hospitals in Mosul City - Iraq. The data was collected through constructed Self-administered questionnaire sheet based on literature review. The instrument validity was determined through the content validity, by a panel of experts. The SPSS (version 20) was used  for the data analysis. The demographic characteristics of the study samples were reported by using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean, and ANOVA test.
Results: The results of the present study showed that less than half of the samples were belonged to (20-25) years old, most of them were male, majority of them (73.5%) were married. Also, nearly half of them were had secondary nursing graduate and less than (5) years. And also showed that there are no significant differences between nursing demographical characteristics and their knowledge at p-value=0.005.
Conclusions: The study concluded that the general level of the knowledge among the participants was more than half (55.1%) had poor knowledge, while (16.3%) had good knowledge regarding nursing diagnosis.
Recommendations: Based on the results, there is strong need for continuing nursing education program for all nurses in the hospitals under the supervision of qualified staff in order to increase their ability to use nursing diagnosis and to improve the quality of care.

Abstract
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is defined as “an infant’s consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type (no water, no nonhuman milk, and no foods) except for vitamins, minerals, and medications until six months. Mothers’ lack of knowledge and experience often results in difficulties in feeding especially when feeding the first time and it may result in the most frustrating experience for the mothers. The main aim of the study was to assess knowledge, towards breastfeeding among mothers attending Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil city.
Subjects and methods:  A cross-sectional design was used to achieve study objectives in Erbil Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, a non-random consecutive sampling method was adopted and the researcher was planned to involve one thousand mothers those were undergoing delivery regardless the type of delivery. 
Results: 73.7%  of mothers have Knowledge about the benefits of BF for mothers and her baby but they don’t have good information about EBF about, and 74.1% of mothers thought EBF meaning feeding baby with breast milk and water and 13.7 were EBF. Up to 62% of mothers know that first breastfeeding has to be initiated after 1 hour of child life, half of the mothers know that child needs 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. There was a relation between mother occupation and education level.
Conclusion: Mothers have positive knowledge concerning breastfeeding initiation,  knowledge regarding the exclusivity of breastfeeding, and duration of breastfeeding. There was a significant statistical association between occupation status and educational level of mothers
Keywords: Knowledge, exclusive breastfeeding, Erbil maternity hospital

Background and aims: Despite the consideration that the Breast Cancer is a preventable cancer, it's still known as the most common cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of it is performed by a medical and self-screening procedure which is Breast Self-Examination (BSE). It makes women more "breast aware", which in turn may lead to an earlier diagnosis of BC. The aims of the study are to assess the level of women’s knowledge regarding practicing BSE, and identify the main reasons regarding practicing BSE.

Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 200 women attending General Hospitals in Duhok city at the time of data collection 28 January to 10 March 2020. A structured questionnaire was used by researchers to gather the data related to socio-demographic, the knowledge of practicing BSE, the reasons for practicing BSE.

Results: Among all women who were interviewed, about (28.5%) practiced BSE , among those women who had practiced  BSE, (16.5%) of them had irregular BSE, 6.5% of the woman who had practiced it monthly, about (82.5%) of women had a poor knowledge regarding practicing BSE correctly, very little of them had good practicing BSE knowledge (2%). The main reason for doing it was getting information from mass media in (14%).

Conclusions: The majority of women had low knowledge level about practicing BSE. Effective media and providing health education are required to improve the level of awareness toward it. The professional healthcare provider should be contributing to knowledge transfer whenever the opportunity arises.
Keywords: breast self-examination, Breast Cancer, Knowledge, Practice

Background: Red blood cell transfusions are commonly used in palliative care to treat anemia or symptoms caused by anemia. In patients with advanced disease, there is little evidence of benefit to guide treatment decisions in the face of increased risk of harms. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge and practices of nurses about blood transfusion for adult patients in Kirkuk city hospitals.
Methods: A purposive study design was conducted in the period from 1st June 2019 to 15th November 2019. the sample includes (80) nurses who were working at (Gynecology and obstetrics, General medicine, General surgery, intensive care unit, Oncology at Azadi teaching hospital, and Kirkuk general hospital.
Results: The number of nurses’ who included in the study was (35%) worked in Gynecology and obstetrics, (25%) worked in General medicine, General surgery, (10%) worked in the intensive care unit, (5%) Oncology, generally nurses had a low level of knowledge but showed best practice level.
Conclusions: The findings showed that the nurses' knowledge of blood transfusion was insufficient which could be detrimental to patient safety, also practice Was optimal in Kirkuk city hospitals
Recommendation: Nurses have the responsibility to update their knowledge and skills in carrying out blood transfusion. The tool developed in this study may be useful for educators and managers to identify gaps in knowledge and inform decisions to address them.
Keywords: Blood transfusion, Knowledge, Practice.

Background: This study intended to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding standard precautions concerning Hospital acquired protection (HAIs) among hemodialysis nurses in hemodialysis centers in Mosul
Methods: A descriptive study was carried out during the period from 18th  of February 2019until 14th of February 2019. A non – probability purposive sample consisting of 25 nurses.
Results: there were a total of 25 hemodialysis nurses in hemodialysis centers in Mosul. All agreed to participate in the study. Although72% of the nurses knew that their hands could be a source of infection associated with health care, only 36% of the nursing staff washed their hands before contacting another    used 92% by the nursing staff when contacting the patient in the dialysis unit and 40% of nursing staff also wore masks when contacting patient.
Gloves were actually used by 98% of the nurses. 46% of the nurses were usually wearing masks when contacting a patient. Books and journals were the main source of information about (HAI) among 52% of the nurses.
conclusions: The nurses' knowledge of healthcare-related illnesses did not fulfill this purpose because some of the nursing staff did not adhere to personal hygiene practices.
Recommendations: the necessary training programs for nurses in hemodialysis centers on the promotion of hygiene standards and optimal use of personal protection against hospital infection .
Keyword: Knowledge, attitude , practices , nursing staff, dialysis, hospital acquired, infections

Background and aim: Breast self-examination is a screening method and valuable tool used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer among women.The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice  of nursing female students about breast self-examination in Mosul university.
Materials and method: A descriptive study design was adopted in the study. A systemic random sample of 100 female nursing student were selected in this descriptive study, they  collected  as25 student from each of the under graduated  teaching classes , the study conducted  in a period  from  October 2017 to the  end of march  2018. Data  were collected by using a questionnaire constructed to meet the study objective, it is consisted from five parts, the first one concerned with socio demographic data, second part represent personal history of the participants, third part reflect knowledge and practice of them about breast self-examination that reflect their awareness toward this subject,  fourth part identify the source of their knowledge and practice, last part demonstrate the main barriers and limitations caused failure in conducting this examination.
Results: The study founded that 46% of the sample were at 20- 21years old,  91% of them from urban residence, about 66% of the sample having healthy nutritional habits, history of hormonal and menstrual disturbance was found among 30% of the sample, about 73% of female nursing students aware of breast cancer risk that represented by their knowledge  about breast self-examination, but only 23% of them conducting the examination regularly, this is due to their feeling  of wellness and also because of absence of obligation in conducting the examination.
Conclusion: the majority of study sample were  from (20-21) age group, with urban residence Two third of the sample having healthy balance diet, while about one third of sample experience hormonal and menstrual disturbance.   
Recommendation The study recommend for improvement of the practical aspects of breast self-examination via improvement of the teaching curriculum and through mass media
 Key Words : Breast self-examination,  knowledge ,practice  , Breast cancer 

Background and objective: The liver plays an important role and vital that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. Irritate or injured in the liver, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. The study objective is to assess the knowledge’s and practice’s of barbers about occupational safety
Material and methods: Design of the study was cross-sectional descriptive to achieve the objectives of the present study from (17th February 2018) to (30th July 2018). A randomized cross-sectional survey of (60) barber / Mosul City. The sample comprises male and age groups between (15–>45) year. The questionnaire which corrects from the expert's opinion, and used the Coefficient Correlation for items which showed that the reliability estimate for the survey was (r = 0.88) that was significant at (P < 0.05) level.
Result: The study showed a high percentage of barbers aged between (25 – 35) year (30%). The analysis of data revealed that (53.33%) of barbers hadn't good perception toward their knowledge and showed that (58.33%) of barbers haven’t good practices toward their occupational safety. The study founded the significant relationship between demographical data (educational level, marital status and license to practice the profession) and knowledge, also the vital connection between demographical data (license to practice the job) and practices. Conclusion: Our study finds out a marked lower in the information and practices of the barbers working in the Mosul city.
Recommendation: Launching health education programs for professionals who are related to individuals in the community. Behavior exchange campaigns for barbers and focuses on them with the aid of occupational safety committees.

Background and aim: With an ever-increasing demand for a comfortable living in recent days, the number of industries like carpet and textile industries is on the increase. The increasing of this industry also brings an occupational hazards like dust and chemical hazards that effect on worker health as well as their family. The study aimed to assess the workers’ knowledge toward healthy workplace hazards at the Kirkuk Carpet Factory.
Materials and method: A descriptive (non-experimental) design was carried out through the period from 25th December 2016 through 15th May 2017 in order to assess the Workers Knowledge toward Healthy workplace Hazards at Kirkuk Carpet Factory.
A purposive (non-probability) sample is selected for the study, which includes (60) workers worked in the Kirkuk Carpet Factory. Assessment questionnaire consists of three parts that includes demographic characteristic; Dusts hazards and Chemical material Hazards domains, and the Data were gathered through the worker interviewed in the workplace. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistical (mean of score with SD±).
Results: The Overall results showed that most workforces were married women with low educational level and they have a significant knowledge and awareness of the workplace health hazards that related to dusts and chemical materials hazards that may be arise from the workers’ workplace.
Conclusion: The healthy wellness for workers of carpet factory reveals their knowledge of the work hazards such as dust and chemical hazards in the workplace by taking all protective measures and equipment’s that protect them from those hazards in order to maintain their health status.
Recommendations: A health educational programs and training should provide for all workers with regularly and periodically also collaboration and organization must be done between all related Ministries in order to prevent the hazards affected workers and workplace environment

Background and aim : blood can save millions of lives. The requirement of blood and blood products in a country depends on the population, health care structure, prevalence of conditions requiring regular transfusions, such as hemophilia and thalassemia etc., availability of surgical centers using modern sophisticated techniques, and awareness amongst clinicians regarding the judicious use of blood. The study aimed to assess of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of Voluntary Blood Donation among nurses at the Mosul Teaching Hospital.
Materials and Method: Cross-sectional design was applied in this study that aimed to assessment of knowledge, Attitude, and practice of voluntary blood donation among nurses in Mosul Teaching Hospital. Random sample consists of (152) nurses (99 )Male , ( 53) Female , and the sample age range (median age) 18–60 (26.3±) years. Data were collected from first December 2013 extended from First February 2014.Data were collected from all Mosul Teaching Hospital (Ibn-Sena Teaching Hospital, AL-ZahraweeTeahing Hospital, AL-Salm Teaching Hospital,Ibn-AtherTeahing Hospital and Al-KhansaTeahing Hospital). An interview technique, method was used for data collection and data were analyzed as Frequency, percentage and Chi-Squire.
Results: The results of the study show that the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice(KAP) of Voluntary Blood Donation among nurses in Mosul Teaching Hospital is good knowledge toward blood donation (81.4%), positive attitude about (78.2%),but there were practices of blood donation correct (56.7%)
Conclusion: The study concluded that the Nurses in hospitals have good knowledge of voluntary donation and a positive attitude towards donation, but there were disparities in their practices of blood donation.
Recommendation: The study recommended there is an urgent need to create and strengthen programs for motivation, recruitment and retention of voluntary blood Donors in our country.

Background and Objectives: Resuscitation in hospitals and health care facilities, refers to prompt actions aimed to prevent death and providing the best possible chances for human survival. The study aims to assess the nurses' knowledge towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation and to identify the relationship between nurses' knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation and some demographic variables (age, gender, educational level, work place and years of experience).
Material and method: A descriptive study design was adapted to assess the knowledge of the nurses regarding CPR. The sample of the study consist of (122) nurses, (26) female, and (96) male who works in Iben-Sena and Al-Zahrawe teaching hospitals in Mosul City. The sample of the study was selected in the simple random method. Data were collected by using a questionnaire throughout an interview technique. The questionnaire consists of two parts, Part one consists of (5 items) includes some demographic data including age, gender, educational level, work place and previous experience. Part two consists of (23 items) include questions that assess the nurses' knowledge towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Data were analyzed and calculated by using SPSS program.
Results: The nurses' knowledge score regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation record low, (27.942%), and standard deviation (0.609).
Conclusion: The present study reveals that the nurses have poor knowledge regarding the CPR techniques and there are no significant difference between nurses' knowledge about cardio pulmonary resuscitation with demographic characteristics except work place and gender.

Background and aim:- Hypoglycemia, one of the acute complications of diabetes mellitus, It carries a lot of adverse effects on the patient psychic and mental state plus the bad sequels on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system that may prove to be fatal. Nurses, working in hospitals, are supposed to be reasonably educated and skillful in detecting hypoglycemia and presenting the first aids that may save the patients' life. In Mosul's hospitals, the knowledge and attitude of nurses about hypoglycemia have not been explored or assessed, a matter that was motivating to study this issue. So, this study aimed to assess of Nurses' Knowledge and Attitude About Hypoglycemia at Mosul City Hospitals.
Materials and method: A descriptive cross sectional study carried throughout the period 2nd of December 2013 -to- 31st of January 2015. The sample of the study was a non-probability convenience sample which included 247 nurses (males and females) working in six teaching hospitals in Mosul. The data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) program version 17 throughout the application of descriptive statistic (frequency, mean, standard deviation and percentage) and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA-one way test).
Results:- The findings of the study indicated that the total nurses' knowledge concerning hypoglycemia was found to be highly significant. However, the mean scores gained in different knowledge categories were moderate except that of causes and risk factors were low. The positive nurses' attitude toward hypoglycemia was found to be highly significant. Also the study showed that there are significant correlation between nurses' knowledge scale and attitude scale.
Conclusions:- There are significant differences in nurses' knowledge but, mean score answers in regard to knowledge categories were moderate except that of causes and risk factors was low. also the differences was significant in relation to positive attitudes. Recommendation:- The study recommends preparing, developing and implicating educational programs about hypoglycemia; its complications in Mosul's hospitals. In addition, the study suggests improving the curriculum in regard to diabetes and its complications.

Background and aim: Premature is a live born infant delivered before 37 weeks from the first day of last menstrual period .It accounts for the largest number of admissions to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) . Premature infants can develop a range of problems because their organs are not mature enough. The proper nursing care of premature baby should be established by good nursing performances . The purpose of this study is to assess of nursing staff knowledge and practice regarding care of premature babies in Mosul Hospitals in the (Premature babies units).
Materials and method: A descriptive design carried throughout the period 2nd of December 2013 to March 2nd 2014 employing quantitative research methods to attain the results. The sample of the study was a non-probability purposive sampling which included all the nurses working in the premature units in these four Hospitals the sample consisted of (60) nurses (females).The data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) program version 17 throughout the application of descriptive statistic (frequency, mean, standard deviation and percentage) and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA-one way test).
Results: The findings of the study the Having diploma degree, being 40-49 years old, and more clinical experience Nurses in the Premature babies units increase neonatal nursing knowledge and practices.
Conclusions: There are significant differences between knowledge and practice of nursing staff about nursing care for premature babies with regard to age, level of education, and duration of work. Having diploma degree, being 40-49 years old, and more clinical experience in premature babies units increase neonatal nursing knowledge and practices. Recommendation: The study recommends preparing, Nurses should update their knowledge and practice through training courses and training programs for nursing care for premature baby in order to improve their skills and performing statistics by ministry of health of Iraq on the number of premature births in the country in order to reduce this phenomenon and finding appropriate solutions to the problems.

Background and aim: The first hours days and weeks after child birth are a dangerous time for mother and newborn most death occur during or immediately after childbirth. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and practices of nursing staff regarding immediate care after birth in Kirkuk city hospitals
Materials and method: A descriptive study was carried out from first October 2013 to first October 2014. The study carried out at two hospitals in Kirkuk city. The study sample consists of (50) midwives and nurses. A questionnaire was comprised of two parts: demographic data and questionnaire to evaluate the midwives knowledge regarding mother and newborn baby care immediately after birth and observational checklist to evaluate the midwives and nurses practice. Content validity was determined by presenting the items to panel of. Reliability of the questionnaire (tool)
Results: the study finding indicates that there was adequate knowledge of midwives –nurse immediately after birth and accepted practice.
Conclusion: the study concludes that midwives and nurses have adequate knowledge regarding mother and newborn baby immediately after birth. Midwives and nurses have accepted practice during providing care for mother and newborn baby immediately after birth.
Recommendation: training courses inside and outside country for midwives and nurses about giving care to mother and newborn baby to improve the quality of nursing care that provided to mothers and newborn immediately after birth.

Background and objective: Child abuse is most often due to the problems besetting families, which can elevate the risks to children. These problems are complex and interconnected, and require coordinated, holistic responses. Child abuse and neglect has begun to demonstrate linkages between maltreatment and long-term adverse effects and other social problems. The purpose of this study was to assess the Primary School Teacher Knowledge’s Regarding Child Abuse In Kirkuk City" and find out the relationship between Teacher Knowledge’s and some socio-demographic characteristic
Material and Method: A descriptive study was carried out from July 2013 to April 2014. Data are collected through using the constructed questionnaire for the purpose of the study with the use of interview technique. Simple probability random sample of (100) science, manger and physical sport teachers is selected from (34) primary schools in Kirkuk city. A questionnaire is designed of (44) items for data collection, Data are analyzed through the application of the descriptive statistical analysis approach and inferential statistical approach. Frequencies, Percentage, men of score and chi-square.
Results: The findings of the study indicated that majority of the teachers were between age (40-49 ) years and constitute (44.0% ) , (54 .0%) from teachers were female ,(54.0% )were graduate from Institute and (82.0%) from them were married .
Conclusion: The result of the study find that overall depicts assessment are significant difference between teacher's knowledge and their some demographic data.
Recommendations: The study recommended educational program should be designed to increase people knowledge and awareness about their child abuse. Striking up the center to solve the child's problem. Providing scientific booklet, publication and journal about child abuse and Providing the special law to protect the child for abuses.

Background and aim: Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome usually characterized by episodes or paroxysms of pain or pressure in the anterior chest. The cause is insufficient coronary blood flow, resulting in a decreased oxygen supply when there is increased myocardial demand for oxygen in response to physical exertion or emotional stress. The aim of the study is to assess patient’s knowledge toward angina pectoris in Kirkuk city as well as to find out the relation ship between patients knowledge and some Socio- demographic characteristic such as age, gender and level of education
Materials and method: A descriptive study of a quantitative design were carried out at Kirkuk general hospital and Azady teaching hospital in Kirkuk city for angina patients from 1st of July, 2012, up to the 16th of April, 2013. A non probability (purposive) sample of (100) definitely diagnosed with angina pectoris. Selected from patients who were attended to Kirkuk general hospital and Azady teaching hospital. Developed questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study which consisted of three parts: the demographic data of the respondent, medical data and angina patients knowledge. The data were collected through the use of interview. They were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical data analysis.
Results: the findings of the study indicated that )(55%) of the samples were in age group (≥60)years, (53%) of them were female, (60%) of the sample were illiterate, (30%) of them were jobless, (68%) of the sample were married, (72%) of the sample had barely sufficient monthly income. Regarding the medical data, the result shows that (81%) of the samples has ( ≤ 5) years duration of the diseases, (70%) of them had no family history of angina, (56%) of them has no working hours, (62%) of the sample had no history of smoking and (40%) of them were over weight.
Conclusions: The study concluded that most of the samples have inadequate knowledge about the etiology of angina, most of the samples have adequate knowledge about the risk factors of angina, most of the samples have adequate knowledge about the Clinical manifestation of angina, most of the them have adequate knowledge about the medical treatment of angina and most of them had inadequate knowledge about the invasive treatment of angina.
Recommendations: The study recommended that the necessity of educational programs should be designed to increase people knowledge about etiology, signs and symptom and treatment of angina pectoris and Providing scientific booklet, publication and journal about angina.

Background and aim: Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric or stomach mucosa) is a common GI problem. Gastritis may be acute, lasting several hours to a few days, or chronic, resulting from repeated exposure to irritating agents or recurring episodes of acute gastritis). The aim of the study to assessment of patient Knowledge regarding gastritis at General Kirkuk Hospital in Kirkuk city.
Materials and method: descriptive study was carried out on gastritis patients at General Kirkuk hospital in Kirkuk city from the beginning from (10th of June 2013 to5th May 2014) in order to assess knowledge concerning gastritis ,non- probability sampling convenience sample of (50) patients .The data was collected through the application of constructed questionnaire with consist of three parts and were used (SPSS). The Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical the frequencies (F), percentage (%), and mean of score.
Results : (74%) of the samples (35>) years old, (76%) of them were male, (54%) of the samples were illiterate, (62%) of them were house wife, (88%) of the samples were married, 40%) of them were (4-6) Working hour per day , 32%) of them have history of hypertension,(72%) of the sample had no family history of gastritis, (66%) of them no smoker, (78%) of them had continuous stress.
Conclusion: type of the patients gender the highest age that having gastritis is (female), almost highest rate of the sample revealed illiterate of the patient. Majority of the sample show housewife occupational of patient. Almost majority of the sample showed that most of patient was married, The highest rate of patient who having gastritis was complain from chronic disease. The majority of samples were having continuous stress, The highest rate of patient was having good knowledge about medical treatment instruct the people about avoiding taking any medication without physician order.
Recommendation: Advice the people to take healthy diet and avoid irritant food, and decrease stress.

Background and aim: colostrum is the first milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy just prior to giving birth and continuing through the early days of breastfeeding. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of colostrum among postnatal mothers and to find out the association between knowledge and attitude of mothers with demographic characteristics. Materials and method: a cross-sectional study, deals with 300 mothers attending to Babylon maternal and child hospital and lkather health center. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from the period of 21 November 2012 to 15 March 2013. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical (percentage, frequency, and chi-square). Results: The study shows that the majority of mothers age between (30-39) years was 59%, also there is a significant relationship between the attitude of mothers with some of the demographic characteristics of mothers.
Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significant relationship between mothers' knowledge with their demographic characters at P ≥ 0.5 and there is a significant relationship between mothers’ attitudes with their demographic characterize. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Colostrum, Postnatal Mothers.

Background and aims: In most cases of a single child with a common childhood communicable disease, the only action necessary is to ensure that the infectious child stays away from school whilst infectious and to be vigilant for further cases developing. The study objected to evaluate an educational program for primary school teachers about Hepatitis 'A' as one of the common childhood communicable disease in Kirkuk governorate . Materials and method: A Quasi-experimental study was carried out through the present study with application of pre and post-tests approach. A probable (stratified) sample consist of (80) teachers who participated voluntarily from (80) primary schools in Kirkuk governorate They were divided into two equal groups of (40) teacher, one group was exposed to educational program (study group) , while the second did not exposed to the program (control group). Data were analyzed using SPSS version-18. Results: The results show that there are statistical significant differences in teachers' knowledge, attitudes
and practices regarding all topics of Hepatitis A in comparison of pre and post tests for study group. Conclusion: The study show that there is good acquisition in teachers' knowledge, attitudes and practices about Hepatitis A. Keywords: Hepatitis ‘‘A’’, teachers, construct, knowledge, attitude.

Background and aim: Dressing is a covering or bandage applied to a wound, Bleeding cases, Open fractures and superficial burns to protect it, prevent the complication and the patient's dressings need to be changed regularly. The study aimed to identify the level of knowledge about Dressing Process among nurses and to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics of the nurses and their Knowledge with regard to Dressing Process. Materials and Method: This descriptive study design as a quantitative approach was adopted through
the period from 1st of August - 2011 to the 1st of September - 2012. The sample of the study included (140) nurses working in two hospitals in Mosul city in the center of Nineveh Governorate. In order to collect the data, a questionnaire was constructed depending on the previous studies and related literatures. Content validity of the questionnaire was determined by presenting the questionnaire to a panel of (15) experts and the reliability of the study was determined by applying the tool to (20) nurses in Ibn-Sina Teaching Hospital, while Person's Correlation Coefficient was ( r = 0.83; P.< 0.05 ). Results: The data analysis showed that there were significant statistical relationships among some categories of knowledge regarding Dressing Process with the attributes of the sample.
Conclusion: The study concluded that knowledge of dressing process acceptable, while gender and enrollment in training sessions had an obvious association with nurses' knowledge. Keywords: Nurses, Knowledge, Dressing, Surgical Wards.