Assessment Barbers Knowledge's and Practice's About Hepatitis Virus In Mosul City

Background and objective: The liver plays an important role and vital that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. Irritate or injured in the liver, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. The study objective is to assess the knowledge’s and practice’s of barbers about occupational safety Material and methods: Design of the study was cross-sectional descriptive to achieve the objectives of the present study from (17th February 2018) to (30th July 2018). A randomized cross-sectional survey of (60) barber / Mosul City. The sample comprises male and age groups between (15–>45) year. The questionnaire which corrects from the expert's opinion, and used the Coefficient Correlation for items which showed that the reliability estimate for the survey was (r = 0.88) that was significant at (P < 0.05) level. Result: The study showed a high percentage of barbers aged between (25 – 35) year (30%). The analysis of data revealed that (53.33%) of barbers hadn't good perception toward their knowledge and showed that (58.33%) of barbers haven’t good practices toward their occupational safety. The study founded the significant relationship between demographical data (educational level, marital status and license to practice the profession) and knowledge, also the vital connection between demographical data (license to practice the job) and practices. Conclusion: Our study finds out a marked lower in the information and practices of the barbers working in the Mosul city. Recommendation: Launching health education programs for professionals who are related to individuals in the community. Behavior exchange campaigns for barbers and focuses on them with the aid of occupational safety committees. Key word: Hepatitis, Barbers, Knowledge, Practices. 1 Assistant professor Mosul University / Nursing College 2 Chief programmer Mosul University / Nursing College Article information Article history: Received February 12, 2011 Accepted May 22, 2019 Available online May 18, 2018 Mosul Journal of Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 ( 43-34 ) 43 Introduction Least five different viruses hepatitis is A virus (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C(HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV), causes infection in the liver(Surveillance, 2015). In worldwide, found over 2 billion human beings had infected with HBV and 170 million HCV contaminated patients, that according to world health organization. HBV is 50 to a hundred times more infectious than the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)(Averhoff, 2012). Occupational safety in most developing countries, there is a gap between policy making and its implementation. Among the professional groups affected by this situation are barbers. Occupational safety regulations, for barbers, there are no mechanisms in place to ensure registration and compliance. The use of blades and razors is part of barbers work which can expose them to the blood of customers while shaving and hair cutting. Chance of any blood-borne illnesses such as hepatitis B result from this exposure. (Jokhio et al., 2010). The originated word 'barber' from the Latin word. A person whose occupation is to cut any hair, give shaves, and trim beards is a barber. Among the sites that are very important in phrases of environmental and personal fitness is a barbershop that helps in improving public health level and ailment control. Transmission of particular types of pores and skin ailments and blood infections is inevitable in case of lack of attention to this issue (Wazir et al., 2008). Education and raising the society's level of health information are continuous and dynamic processes. Currently, the best way to prevent and control the diseases spread is education and correcting the risk group behaviors(Razi, 2010). Given to the personal hygiene and human environmental sanitation has unique importance, so controlling ecological factors play a crucial role in improving human health and environmental pollution that have specific diversity which can put at danger all physical, mental and social fitness of human being (Wazir et al., 2008) The prevention of infectious diseases, with emphasis on high-risk groups, are the pillars of policies and designed strategies of the organization raising the level of awareness and promoting the attitudes of society, this is the perspective of World Health Organization (WHO) (Pirsaheb et al., 2016). The objective of our current study is to assess the knowledges and practices of barbers about occupational safety risks in their work. Material and method Research design: Crosssectional descriptive study design was adopted to achieve the objectives of the present study from (17 th February 2018) to (30 th July 2018). Period of the study and data collection: The period of the study and data collection from (17 th February 2018) to (20 th May 2018). Setting: In Mosul City, our study conducted, the center of Nineveh province and the second largest city in Iraq regarding population after Baghdad. With a population of 2 million and a half million and Mosul away from Baghdad at a distance of about 465 km. Sample of the study: A randomized cross-sectional survey of (60) barbers / Mosul City. The sample includes only male and age groups between (15–45 >) year. Study instrument A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. To obtain study information, a poll constructed on previous studies and related literature. Interviewers visited the barbershops and requested barbers to participate in the study. We have conducted our survey through Face-to-face interviews conducted with participating barbers in the research. Before the start of collecting data, documented barber practices with the client through the questionnaire. The questionnaire is composed of three parts:Part one:this part includes (6 items which focus on the barbers' demographical data such as (age, educational level, license to practice the job, and years of work, number of barbers, marital status. Mosul Journal of Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 ( 43-34 ) 43 Part two:Fifteen item consist of the general questions to assess knowledge of barbers' about of hepatitis such as (different modes of transmission of hepatitis, including the risk of transmission of the disease due to use and reuse of razors, and knowledge of vaccines and anthers knowledge) The overall question depended on two option (Yes, No). The response of the problem after correction divided into two groups (0) for not correctly answered and (1) for correctly answered. Part three:This part consist (15 items) Which is a focus on the barbers' practices. A checklist was used by seeing hand washing before each customer, sterilizing the tools, changing the blades and throwing them before using them for the next customer and other practices. The overall observation depended on two option (Yes, No). The response of the inspection after correction divided into two groups (0) for not correctly an answered and (1) for correctly answered. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed using statistical analysis for social sciences (SPSS, version 22) and frequencies, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Result: Table (1): Distribution study sample related to demographical data. Demographical Data Frequency Percent Age 15-25 16 26.67 25-35 18 30.00 35-45 12 20.00 45 < 14 23.33 Total 60 100 Marital status Single 15 25 Married 45 75 Total 60 100 Educational Level Read and wright 7 11.67 Primary 13 21.67 Secondary 23 38.33 Institute 16 26.67 College 1 1.67 Total 60 100 Years of experience in barbers 1-10 29 48.33 10-20 15 25.00 20-30 9 15.00 30 < 7 11.67 Total 60 100 license to practice the job Yes 51 85.00 No 9 15.00 Total 60 100 Number of barbers in shop 1 25 41.67 2 28 46.67 3 6 10.00 4 1 1.67 Total 60 100 Mosul Journal of Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 ( 43-34 ) 43 Table (2): One –way analysis of variance for the difference between knowledge, age, educational level, years of experience in barbers, license to practice the profession, Number of barbers in the shop and marital status. Category Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Age Between Groups 24.47 13 1.88 1.73 0.09 Within Groups 49.93 46 1.09 Total 74.40 59 Marital status Between Groups 5.56 13 0.43 3.46 0.00 Within Groups 5.69 46 0.12 Total 11.25 59 Educational Level Between Groups 30.59 13 2.35 3.73 0.00 Within Groups 29.06 46 0.63 Total 59.65 59 Years of experience in barbers Between Groups 19.03 13 1.46 1.45 0.17 Within Groups 46.37 46 1.01 Total 65.40 59 license to practice the profession Between Groups 4.96 13 0.38 6.52 0.00 Within Groups 2.69 46 0.06 Total 7.65 59 Number of barbers in shop Between Groups 8.84 13 0.68 1.46 0.17 Within Groups 21.35 46 0.46 Total 30.18 59 Table (3): One –way analysis of variance for the difference between practices, age educational level, years of experience in barbers, license to practice the profession, Number of barbers in the shop and Marital status Category Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Age Between Groups 12.98 10 1.30 1.04 0.43 Within Groups 61.43 49 1.25 Total 74.40 59 Marital status Between Groups 2.92 10 0.29 1.72 0.10 0 20 40 60 F % good 28 46.67 poor 32 53.33 Knowledg


Introduction
Least five different viruses hepatitis is A virus (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C(HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV), causes infection in the liver (Surveillance, 2015). In worldwide, found over 2 billion human beings had infected with HBV and 170 million HCV contaminated patients, that according to world health organization. HBV is 50 to a hundred times more infectious than the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Averhoff, 2012). Occupational safety in most developing countries, there is a gap between policy making and its implementation. Among the professional groups affected by this situation are barbers. Occupational safety regulations, for barbers, there are no mechanisms in place to ensure registration and compliance. The use of blades and razors is part of barbers work which can expose them to the blood of customers while shaving and hair cutting. Chance of any blood-borne illnesses such as hepatitis B result from this exposure. (Jokhio et al., 2010). The originated word 'barber' from the Latin word. A person whose occupation is to cut any hair, give shaves, and trim beards is a barber. Among the sites that are very important in phrases of environmental and personal fitness is a barbershop that helps in improving public health level and ailment control. Transmission of particular types of pores and skin ailments and blood infections is inevitable in case of lack of attention to this issue (Wazir et al., 2008). Education and raising the society's level of health information are continuous and dynamic processes. Currently, the best way to prevent and control the diseases spread is education and correcting the risk group behaviors (Razi, 2010). Given to the personal hygiene and human environmental sanitation has unique importance, so controlling ecological factors play a crucial role in improving human health and environmental pollution that have specific diversity which can put at danger all physical, mental and social fitness of human being (Wazir et al., 2008) The prevention of infectious diseases, with emphasis on high-risk groups, are the pillars of policies and designed strategies of the organization raising the level of awareness and promoting the attitudes of society, this is the perspective of World Health Organization (WHO) (Pirsaheb et al., 2016). The objective of our current study is to assess the knowledges and practices of barbers about occupational safety risks in their work.

Material and method
Research design: Cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted to achieve the objectives of the present study from (17 th February 2018) to (30 th July 2018).

Period of the study and data collection:
The period of the study and data collection from (17 th February 2018) to (20 th May 2018). Setting: In Mosul City, our study conducted, the center of Nineveh province and the second largest city in Iraq regarding population after Baghdad. With a population of 2 million and a half million and Mosul away from Baghdad at a distance of about 465 km. Sample of the study: A randomized cross-sectional survey of (60) barbers / Mosul City. The sample includes only male and age groups between (15-45 >) year.

Study instrument
A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. To obtain study information, a poll constructed on previous studies and related literature.
Interviewers visited the barbershops and requested barbers to participate in the study.
We have conducted our survey through Face-to-face interviews conducted with participating barbers in the research. Before the start of collecting data, documented barber practices with the client through the questionnaire. The questionnaire is composed of three parts:-Part one:-this part includes (6 items which focus on the barbers' demographical data such as (age, educational level, license to practice the job, and years of work, number of barbers, marital status. Part two:-Fifteen item consist of the general questions to assess knowledge of barbers' about of hepatitis such as (different modes of transmission of hepatitis, including the risk of transmission of the disease due to use and reuse of razors, and knowledge of vaccines and anthers knowledge) The overall question depended on two option (Yes, No). The response of the problem after correction divided into two groups (0) for not correctly answered and (1) for correctly answered. Part three:-This part consist (15 items) Which is a focus on the barbers' practices.
A checklist was used by seeing hand washing before each customer, sterilizing the tools, changing the blades and throwing them before using them for the next customer and other practices. The overall observation depended on two option (Yes, No). The response of the inspection after correction divided into two groups (0) for not correctly an answered and (1) for correctly answered. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed using statistical analysis for social sciences (SPSS, version 22) and frequencies, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.

Conclusion:
Our study explained that the knowledge of barbers is under the required level and that their degrading practices are not appropriate and this has a negative impact on society directly.

Recommendation:
Our study recommended launching