Abstract
The study examined the statistical analysis of educational services in Mosul city. The importance of this study is that it dealt with most important aspect of the society in which the process of progress and prosperity of education. The study relied on analytical descriptive method in analyzing the data collected from the concerned authorities e.g. Nineveh Directorate of Education by using the SPSS and GPS maps for the purpose of providing a good image of the distribution of a better place that may help decision-makers to find appropriate steps to develop the educational services. The study found that the percentage of male schools did not reach the percentage of female schools. The study also found that the number of schools in the right side of Mosul city is not proportional to the percentage of students numbers, and the percentage of teachers numbers are not suitable with the number of pupils, in contrast with the schools in the left side, which all these ratios are almost appropriate with the reality. The study recommended the need for attention by the concerned authorities to study the trends of population growth by selecting the best locations for new schools and the need to create a database for each educational institution and presented on the web pages of all schools and directorates of education.
Keywords
Full Text
Spatial and spatial analysis of the distribution of schools in the centerof Nineveh province
Dr. Radhwan Hussein Ibrahim[1] & Assistant lecturer shaymaa Riyadh[2]
abstract
The study examined the statistical analysis of educational services in Mosul city. The importance of this study is that it dealt with most important aspect of the society in which the process of progress and prosperity of education. The study relied on analytical descriptive method in analyzing the data collected from the concerned authorities e.g. Nineveh Directorate of Education by using the SPSS and GPS maps for the purpose of providing a good image of the distribution of a better place that may help decision-makers to find appropriate steps to develop the educational services. The study found that the percentage of male schools did not reach the percentage of female schools. The study also found that the number of schools in the right side of Mosul city is not proportional to the percentage of students numbers, and the percentage of teachers numbers are not suitable with the number of pupils, in contrast with the schools in the left side, which all these ratios are almost appropriate with the reality. The study recommended the need for attention by the concerned authorities to study the trends of population growth by selecting the best locations for new schools and the need to create a database for each educational institution and presented on the web pages of all schools and directorates of education.
Introduction:
In its efforts to enhance the educational and scientific state in Iraq, the ministry of education has put forth a strategy towards ambitious educational plans that can develop considerably education and learning. One of the suggestions was that the central government should continue providing the basic and extraordinary pack up to local governments to rehabilitate and maintain the infrastructure of schools that were totally destroyed in Nineveh governorate and especially the schools of the right side of the city and the financial status must not be a hindrance not to get the necessary means to apply these long-term plans to enhance the educational march and develop it to be better than before. Schools should be expanded and sound environment ought to be provided for students in their schools. Hundreds of schools must be rehabilitated that do need rebuilding and maintenance so that they provide a health and sound environment for the students to overcome the environmental conditions and consequently upgrade competent students (1). The question of specifying the efficiency of the spatial distribution is one of the most important subjects especially after the advance that happened in computational systems; it is important for those planners who are after decision-makers together with determining the actual need to rebuild and rehabilitate schools (1). Statistical programmes and spatial and graphic analyses make sketches and samples depending on standards to assess spatial distribution of services and selecting the spatial sites for the new schools via lessening costs’ transportations by reducing distance; the system of transportations in the city becomes better if the services are near houses and this applies to the rest of the services and spheres for the research introduces a sample for tackling the services of elementary generalization (3).
One: Research Hypothesis:- Nineveh governorate suffers from bad educational services and few primary schools in various quarters in the city of Mosul and low vocational performance in a way that goes along with advancement, population distribution, and urban expansion.
Two: Time Limit of the Study:- The study is confined to studying the educational services in the study district during (2017-2018).
Three: Research Methodology:- The vocational methodology has been adopted in this study besides the analytical one via analyzing tables and data statistically in addition to the field study in the governorate.
Four: Aims of the Study:- The study aims at employing spatial and graphic analyses in planning the efficiency of the spatial distribution of the primary schools in the centre of the city of Mosul in accordance with the population density and determining the best sites to build more schools and apply the planning standards of schools by using statistical analyses to distribute these schools according to necessity so as to serve the educational growth plan in the city.
Basics and Standards of Primary Education in Iraq:-
The educational system in Iraq falls into three stages: the primary, secondary, and preparatory. The primary stage is basic for building generations for these three stages and in it the education for children is compulsory from six to eleven years for both sexes and the study period is six years according to law and this stage aims at encouraging pupils to develop their personalities mentally, morally, and socially (4). Schools, in general, and the primary school, in particular, are given due regard in the life of the society and are paid great attention by city planners especially when selecting the suitable place for building these schools. The primary education is considered the great power that helps the society overcome poverty and ignorance besides the possibility of investing natural resources; primary education is the cornerstone to achieve prosperity and advancement in the society (5). So, the question of primary education and improving its level and its suitable distribution in various population quarters are the main goal to improve the academic level of the pupils and this is also the goal our study seeks to achieve (6). The city of Mosul is considered the centre of Nineveh governorate and the second largest city in Iraq in population after the city of Baghdad; the number of its population in 2014 was about (3.5) million and its area is (180) square kilometers. The population is distributed around the eastern and western sides in districts and towns and the river Tigris passes through the city splitting it into two sides, the left and the right ones and the map no. (1) represents the quarters of the city with the names.
Map (2) represents mosul its right and left sides |
د Map (2) represents mosul neighborhoods
|
Spatial Distribution of Primary Schools:-
In this study we have been able to get a complete statistic for the number of the schools and the pupils in each school as well as the spatial distribution of the schools in the city of Mosul for both the right and left sides. We have been provided with these data of (2017-2018) from the department of planning and follow up in the education directorate of Nineveh governorate. Table no.(1) shows the primary schools in the right side of the city of Mosul and which are (157) schools for boys and girls most of which have double classes and triple classes. The number of the pupils in these schools is (104401) pupils, in addition to the number of the general teachers and the specialized teachers and the lecturers in each school and the supervisors.
|
|
Taple (1) statistics directorate of Nineveh education in the numbers of primary scools,pupils,teachers andvlecturers in the right coast of the province
the general teachers and the specialized teachers and the lecturers in each school and the supervisors.
Table (1) statistic of the education directorate of Nineveh with the numbers of the primary schools, pupils, teachers, and lecturers in the right side of the governorate.
Map (3) represents the right side of the city or what is called the western part of Mosul which ,roughly, contains (50) inhabited quarters and it is called the ancient area of the city of Mosul.
Map (3) represents the west coast of mosul |
Taples (2)general description of the numbers of pupils of the right coast |
The number of the pupils in the right side of the city has been illustrated and represented in sketch no.(1). Whereas sketch no.(2) represents the number of the pupils of the right side graphically and are distributed according to the schools in the right side which shows the density of the pupils in these schools. It has been shown that there are schools with high pupil density and there are other schools, however, with no such pupil density, rather the number of the pupils in some schools is very few if compared with schools such as (Al-Watan) schools for girls in (Bab-Lagash) quarter which has only (170) pupils, whereas (Al-Thariat) school in (Wadi-Hajar) for girls has (1407) pupils. This is just one example, and there are scores of such cases.
Chart (1) represents the number of students on the right coast raphically divided by scools |
Chart (1) represents the number of students on the right coast graphically divided by scools |
We have been able, thanks to the photos by the GPS, to see the density of schools in some quarters in the right side of the city and rarity
Picture (1) the GPS which represents a picture of the spread of scools in some neighborhoods of the right-hand side |
in other quarters and the photo no.(1) illustrates some quarters such as (Al-Najar, Al-Rifaai, and Wadi-Hajar) and the density of schools in these places.
Photo no.(1) shows that there are considerable merging among schools especially in some of these places and this means that there are quarters lying within the service of more than one school. This is due to the density of the schools in the northern part of the side and the reason behind that is that there has been a planning perspective that fits the educational reality in the city.
Spatial Distribution of the Schools of the Left Side of the City:-
The left side of the city is considered the new city of the city of Mosul, and when the city expanded the expansion in the left side was much larger than the expansion in the right side concerning the area and the population; added to that is that the streets in the left side of the city are, in general, much wider than those in the right side. Table no.(3) represents the primary schools in the left side of the city of Mosul whose number is (271) for boys and girls some of which have double and others have triple classes. The number of the pupils of these schools is (178293), along with the numbers of the general teachers and the specialized teachers and the lecturers in each school and the supervisors
|
|
Taple (3) statistics directorate of Nineveh education in the numbers of primary scools,pupils,teachers andvlecturers in the left coast of the province
Table (3) statistic of the education directorate of Nineveh with the numbers of the primary schools, pupils, teachers, and lecturers in the left side of the governorate.
Map no.(4) represents the left side of the city or what is called the eastern part of the city of Mosul with inhabited quarters of approximately more than (70).
Map (4) represents the east coast of mosul |
From table (3), we notice that the primary school number in the left side of the city of Mosul has reached (271) school which occupied only (140) building and which have double classes. According to our field tours when conducting this study we noticed that (40) school have triple classes in one building if compared with the right side. The primary schools for boys are (150) school. According to statistics the number of boys in these schools is (88219). The number of the primary schools for girls is (121) and the number of the girls in these schools is (90074). Table no.(4) represents a general description of the numbers of pupils in the left side of the city of Mosul.
Taples (4)general description of the numbers of pupils of the left coast |
The number of the pupils has been represented graphically in sketch (3). Sketch no.(4) represents the number of the pupils in the left side distributed according to schools which illustrate the distribution of pupils in schools. It has been seen that there are (11) school the number of the pupils in each school is more than (900) and the rest of the schools have between (300-850) pupil.
Chart (3) represents the number of students on the right coast divided by scools
|
Chart (4) represents the number of students on the right coast graphically divided by scools
|
We have been able to see, thanks to the GPS photos, the distribution of the schools in some of the quarters of the left side and the photo no.(2) is an instance. According to the latter, one can see the distribution of schools in some quarters suitable and fits the population density of those quarters somehow.
Picture (2) the GPS which represents a picture of the spread of scools in some neighborhoods of the right left-hand side |
The Conditions of Teachers and Lecturers in the Governorate:-
The number of teachers in the governorate schools in general has reached (1083) male and female teachers. These teachers are distributed on (428) school. The share of the schools of the right side has reached (4608) teacher of them are (2696) male teacher and (1912) female teacher. The number of the male and female teachers in the schools of the left side has been (7838) distributed in all schools in the left side, the number of the male teachers has been (4615) and the number of the female teachers has been (3223). The planning standard has specified that there is a teacher for every (22) student in Iraq in the governmental schools. As for the governorate of Nineveh, the number of teachers as compared with the number of the pupils is good and serves the educational process. The teachers of the right side who are distributed according to schools are illustrated in sketch no.(1) and the teachers of the left side who are distributed according to schools are illustrated in sketch no.(6).
Chart (5) repeesents teachers divided by scools on the right side |
Chart (6) repeesents teachers divided by scools on the left side |
The number of the lecturers of the right side has been (455) and the number in the left side has been (953). A table for both lecturers is made as in the graph table (5).
Tables (5)represents right and left lecturers |
The number of the specialized teachers in the right side has reached (2810), and the number of the general teachers has been (1799). The number of the specialized teachers in the right side has been (4764) and the number of the specialized teachers in the left side has been (3074).
The data have been presented statistically in table (6) which shows the rates and numbers of the general and specialized teachers in both the right and left sides of the city.
Table (6) represents teachers of the year,specialists and lecturers of the right and left coast schools
|
Chart (7) represents students numbers on both sides
|
Chart (8) represents students numbers on both sides
|
3D Chart (9) represents students numbers on both sides
|
Chart (10) common scheme representing students numbers on both sides
|
The number of the students has been illustrated more clearly in the two sketches (8,7), in which the red colour represents the number of the pupils in the left side of the city and the blue one represents the number of the pupils in the right side of the city.
Sketch no.(9) is also a three-dimensional one illustrating the number of the pupils in both sides whereby we notice high pupil density in the right side when compared with the left side.
In sketch (10), there is an illustration of the form of the spread of schools in both sides. The red colour signifies the density of schools in the left side whereas the blue colour refers to the density of schools in the right side.
Depending on the previously mentioned tables, statistical data, and sketches we have been able through this study to come up with a graphic study between the schools of the right and the left sides of the city of Mosul. We have tackled the most prominent obstacles in both sides concerning the number of the schools and the number of the pupils who occupy these buildings. Besides, we have made a statistic with the number of the general teachers, specialized teachers, lecturers, and supervisors. Table no.(7) represents a shared analysis for the pupils of both the left and right sides of the city.
Conclusions:-
From the study we have conducted and thanks to the field visits and the data provided by the ministry of education in Nineveh governorate, also through the statistic analyses and data we have completed in addition to the graphic sketches and the illustrating photos, we have come up with results that we can discuss and we exert
Table (7) represents a joint analysis of pupils on the right and left coast.
|
intensive efforts to put them in the hands of the responsible authorities to lessen the agony of the pupils and enhance their educational level. Among the problems we have reached at is that there is a clear shortage in primary schools in the right side of Mosul city when compared with the pupils in that area. This side contains only (157) school with (104401) pupil, also there is shortage in female schools in the right side, the number of these schools is (60) only with (42777) pupil, whilst the number of the primary schools for boys is (97) with (61624) pupil. The left side of the city, however, suffers from the same problem; the number of the pupils is (178293) occupying (271) school only. There is also a shortage in the number of the primary schools for girls in the left side of the city, the number of these schools is (150) with (90074) pupil. Added to that is that the schools that have double classes system and triple classes system are many if compared with those schools that have a one-classes-system in either sides. The ample number of schools in some quarters and the scarcity of schools in other quarters or sometimes absence of schools in some quarters. There are schools that have many pupils attending classes whereas there are other schools that have very few pupils attending classes, for instance (Al-Jaleel) school for girls in the right side has (1382) pupil, whereas (Al-Watan) school which is also in the right side has only (170) pupil; the school of (Nineveh) for boys in the left side has only (279) pupil, whilst the Islamic school of (Rufaida) has (1308) pupil (8). It has been noticed that there are many lecturers giving lessons for free in all the schools of the governorate the thing that hinders the educational process in the right manner. This has made most teachers depend on these lecturers in giving lessons. It has been also noticed that there are few specialized teachers if compared with general teachers and this especially clear in the schools of the right side of the city which noticeably weakens the educational process.
Recommendations:-
1- The building of primary schools differs from the building of other schools; because of the special conditions of the pupils of this stage and the various age groups.
2- The system of double schools, more than one school in one building, makes it possible to change the places of some schools by others to benefit from school site.
3- To benefit from the vacant areas in the right side of the city to build new schools.
4- The destruction in the right side ought to be taken into account via providing private transportations for pupils from the quarters in which there are surplus schools until building schools in the quarters that have no schools due to the destruction state.
5- There should be suitable distribution of teachers and lecturers in both sides of the city; they are greater in number in the left sie than in the right side. Also the large number of teachers in some schools and the scarce number of the teachers in other schools in a way that does not fit the number of the pupils in the one school.
6- The lecturers for free should be employed so that they continue the educational process in a good and sound manner.
7- Increasing the number of the field visits to the schools of the right side of the city for these schools are badly in need of guidance and back up, this is on the part of general supervisors and specialized supervisors.
8- There should be specialized teachers in schools in a way that suits the number of classes, pupils, and the basic materials.
9- It is necessary to make visits to schools to enhance the awareness of pupils and giving them advice and instructions from time to time for pupils in this age stage record information. The specialized authorities should invest this stage to prepare a new generation to rebuild their country and to rely on this generation so as to achieve advancement and prosperity.
المصادر:
1 – حمدان ، جمال (1997) جغرافیة المدن الطبعة الثانیة , عالم الکتب القاهرة.
2 – العانی، محمد جاسم (2009) دراسات تطبیقیة لبعض جوانب التخطیط ،عمان: دار الصفاء للنشر.
3 - عزیز، مکی محمد (2008) جغرافیة السکان ، مطبعة جامعة بغداد.
4 – Habibah,L.,Technology integrated teaching in Malaysian schools: GIS, aswot analysis, World journal on educational technology,Mallaysia,2011.
5 – فائق فاضل السامرائی ، لیث کریم السامرائی ، واقع التعلیم وحقوق المتعلم نظرة الى الماضی ورؤیة المستقبل ، المجلة العراقیة للعلوم التربویة والنفسیة وعلم الاجتماع ، المجلد 1 العدد 2 ، 2001، ص 92.
6 – جمیل عبد الهادی ، کفایة النظام فی القطر العراقی بین استراتیجیة التجدید واستراتیجیة التقلید ، مجلة الاستاذ، العدد 18 ، جامعة بغداد، کلیة التربیة ابن رشد، 2000، ص 300.
7 – chaomei.chen , Thematic maps of 19 ischools chaomei chen Philadelphia,USA,2010.
8 – الدلیمی , خلف حسین , تخطیط الخدمات المجتمعیة والبنیة التحتیة اسس – معاییر – تقنیات , الطبعة الاولى ,دار الصفا للنشر ,2009.
9 – محمد شرتوح الرحبی ,کفاءة التوزیع المکانی لمراکز الاستیطان فی محافظة نینوى ، اطروحة دکتوراه غیر منشورة مقدمة الى کلیة الاداب ,جامعة بغداد،1990, ص 267.
10 – وزارة التربیة , التربیة العامة للتخطیط التربوی ، خطة التنمیة التربویة للاعوام (2005-1994) بغداد ،جدول رقم (5) ، ص 69 .
[1] College of Nursing/ Mosul University
[2] College of Nursing/ Mosul University