Mosul Journal of Nursing

INTRODUCTION

Health is a fundamental and active meaning in all people's habitual lives.  It is inspired via way of means of behavior, circumstances, attitudes, believes in addition to social and bodily environment.  The industrialization, urbanization, monetary development and marketplace inclusiveness have brought about way of life alternate of the global population.  (Mahmoud & Taha, 2017).

Table 3 :Descriptive Statistics for Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ).

Discussion of socio demographic characteristics for students

The percentage of female students is almost equal to that of males, were in grade second, and their failure rate was zero, which means that the majority of the sample did not fail in their grade, and were most of them resid in an urban area.  The highest sample age students was between 13 and less than 16 years. Findings are consistent with findings of Saleh and Ma΄ala, (2015), in a research to determine the influence of fast meals and snacks on adolescents' BMI at secondary schools in Baghdad city, their findings indicate that more than half of the teenagers were female, and half of them were under the age of 16.

Regarding the educational level of fathers, the educational level of mothers, the highest rate were have middle school.  In addition, the study results indicated that the majority of students within poor family's economic status, due to the highest rate of family monthly income was between 301-600 thousand Iraqi dinar.  This finding supported with Iraqi study conducted by Kareem and ali, (2017), To determine the influence of social media use on the mental health of adolescent students at preparatory schools in Al-Diwanyah city, their findings revealed that the research sample came from families with a moderate economic position.

Throughout the course of the present study in the table (4-1), indicates that three quarters of the adolescent living with their parents included nuclear family type were accounted three hundred and seventy seven (75.4%).  Findings supported with Habsi and Ahjil, (2021), to compare the self-esteem of children who living with their parents in secondary schools in al-Rusafa to children living in orphanages in Rusafa, Baghdad, indicates that (85.5%)of the children living within nuclear family type. 

However, the study results are similar to a study in Gonabad (Iran), a cross-sectional research was performed on high school students, done by Alami, Khosravan, Moghadam, Pakravan, and Hosseni (2014), to assessed self-esteem of adolescents in single-parent and nuclear families.  They reported that the majority of study sample within family type is two-parent nuclear families.  The results also agree with Banstola, Ogino, and Inoue, (2020).  In their study effect of parents' knowledge of their adolescent self-Esteem development and practice in parenting on adolescent self-esteem.  Indicated that more than half participants from nuclear family living together that consist of parents and their children.

Concerning the birth order for students, the highest percentage of student who born in middle sequence and were their families members at the category (6-8) persons.  This finding inconsistant with Habsi and Ahjil, (2021) study to compare the self-esteem of children who living with their parents in secondary schools in al-Rusafa to children living in orphanages in Rusafa, Baghdad.  The study results indicated that the majority of the studied sample assigned at the first sequence and according to number of family members are focusing at the class  (5 – 6) persons.  In point of my view, families give the first-born and the last child more attention than the rest of the children, and this neglect or lack of attention to middle-born children has a significant impact on their lifestyle such as eating behavior, sleep pattren and psychological state.

The study showed the students' BMI ranged within normal weight are the highest percent, followed by underweight.  The study results are agree with study of Al-Muammar, El-Shafie and Feroze (2014), for researching the relationship between eating habits and body mass index of teenage females in intermediate schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, since half of the students were normal weight and followed of them within underweight.

*Discussion The Information about Students’ Lifestyle

The study findings indicated that more than half of students are doing exercise about 1-2 times per week, while the duration of exercise is less than one hour.  This results supported with study done by Hassan and Ma'ala, (2012),  to assess adolescents' daily physical activity & it’s relationship to obesity in secondary schools At AL-Najaf AL- Ashraf city, their results show that the majority of study participants have low daily physical activity.

According to the sitting time to watch TV or mobile, the study result showed  the highest rate of time to use mobile or watch TV was 1 – 2 hours during the day in rate 38.2% and followed by 3-4 houres with rate 31%.  Findings supported with study conducted by Kareem and ali, (2017), daily to determine the influence of using social media on the mental health of teenage students of preparatory schools in Al-Diwanyah city.  The study results show that the majority of the study participants use the mobile and network for enjoyment for 1-4 hours.

The present study showed that the highest range in the hours number of sleep between 5 to 8 hours and bedtime from 10 pm to 12 am, we considered this percentage among healthy sleep habits.  Findings inconsistant with Singh and Misra, (2012), their research of teenages’ lifestyle in India to identify the incidence of risk and promoter factors of health, revealed irregular sleep habits and the prevalence of unhealthy behaviors.

The result about the type of food they eat a lot, was Healthy food and fruits by (28%), and The percentage of unhealthy foods that eaten by teens such as (sweets, fast and ready foods, and citrus like a chips and noodles) combined together was not small, an estimated 72%.  The study results supported with Singh and Misra, (2012), In a study of Indian teenagers lifestyle to identify the incidence of risk and promotive factors of health, their study revealed a conspicuous prevalence of unhealthy habits and a lesser prevalence of healthy lifestyle-related factors such as consuming healthy food items such as fruits, vegetables, milk, and daily routine practices such as Yoga and physical exercise. In my opinion, the students have neutral eating habits, which indicates they practiced healthy eating behaviors alongside unhealthy eating behaviors.

*Discussion Descriptive Statistics for Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ)

The study results showed that the highest Relative Importance Index was awarded to the item 10 and followed by the item 14 while the lowest Relative Importance Index was awarded to the item 2.  This results supported with study done by Saleh and Ma΄ala, (2015), in order to test adolescents' fast foods and snacks, as well as the relationship between fast food, snacks, and adolescents' demographic information (gender and BMI) at secondary schools in Baghdad City, their findings revealed that nearly half to more than one-third of the participants consume a variety of snacks.

The study find that the highest Relative Importance Index was awarded to the question 4, while the lowest Relative Importance Index was awarded to the question 5.  In point of my view, due to the majority of students are within a normal BMI, the question that indicates the students' satisfaction with their body shape and weight got the highest rate and the answer was always choice, and this explains why the question that indicates unhealthy weight control behavior question 5 got the lowest rate and the answer was never choice. 

This findings supported with study conducted by saleh and ma'ala , (2015), to determine the influence of teenagers' family meal eating habits on their weight control behaviors in Baghdad secondary schools.  Their study findings showed that half and the majority of adolescents' not having unhealthy weight control behaviors like not taking diet pills, use laxative & diuretics pills, using the binge eating such as made themselves vomit for weight control. 

*Discussion The Results for The Relationship between The Information about The Student's Lifestyle and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire and Eating Behaviors

There is a significant relationship between eating disorder behaviors and all the student's lifestyles,  except with students' duration of physical exercise.  The study result showed that the physical exercise and sitting time to watch TV or to use mobile have significant association with eating behaviors.  This finding agree with study conducted by Salameh etal, (2014), to assess of dietary intake patterns and their relationship among students in Lebanon.  Their study observed a significant association  between physical activity and eating pattern.

Also study results agree with another study in Iraq by Musaiger et al., (2014), to explore teenage eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for noncommunicable illnesses in Mosul, Iraq.  This research found that screen time, such as watching television, playing video games, and using the Internet, is another factor that may lead to obesity and maybe other metabolic diseases among Iraqi adolescents.   The majority of the teenagers in this study spent more than two hours per day on these activities, and the study found that sleep patterns such as number of hours sleep and bedtime have a significant relationship with eating disorder behaviors.

Study findings are consistant with study conducted by Narciso et al., (2019), to find and evaluate peer-reviewed scientific literature on the behavioral, environmental, and biological aspects related with teenage obesity.  The study also revealed that sleep deprivation is a possible risk factor for the development of obesity.  Furthermore, there appears to be a gender difference in the association between sleep and obesity throughout adolescence, which is thought to be associated with eating disorder behaviors.

The study showed that the healty food have a significant relationship with eating disorder behaviors.  The study showed that the eating disorder behaviors have a significant relationship with item (the type of food you eat a lot) and the majority of student was select healthy food and fruits at rate 28%.  This results agree with another study in Iraq by Musaiger et al., (2014), to discover the eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors of adolescents in Mosul, Iraq, as risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, this study discovered that the intake of fruits and vegetables was higher among girls than boys, that the low frequency of intake of fruits and vegetables may play an important role in increasing the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases, and that evidence suggests that an appropriate intake of fruits and vegetables helps reduce the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

In point of my view, this rate due to that the Iraq manufactures some of its foods, such as fruits and vegetables, which are thus more available at low cost.  However, the rate of unhealthy foods that eaten by teens such as sweets, fast and ready foods, and citrus like a chips and noodles combined together was not small, an estimated 72%.

 CONCLUSION

There is no significant relationship between eating disorder behaviors and the duration of physical exercise. There is a significant relationship between eating disorder behaviors with the type of food and sleep pattern. The  majority of teenagers in secondary schools have low physical activities and exercise.

 RECOMMENDATIONS

Educational programs should be designed to increase parents' knowledge and teenagers’ awareness about the etiology, types, signs and symptoms, and treatment of eating disorders, and encouraging them to practice healthy eating behaviors by providing scientific booklet, publication, and journal about eating disorders.

We recommend school administrations, especially girls’ schools, to allocate a certain time every day to exercise appropriate for them. The need for more studies that look at eating disorders more precisely, the correct behaviors to reduce or gain weight, and the relationship between eating behavior and academic achievement among students.

 ETHICALCONSIDERATIONSCOMPLIANCEWITHETHICALGUIDELINES

This study was completed following obtaining consent from the University of Baghdad. 

FUNDING
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.

AUTHOR’SCONTRIBUTIONS

Study concept, Writing, Reviewing the final  edition by all authors.

DISCLOSURESTATEMENT:

The authors report no conflict of interest.  

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